Heath DL, Vink R. Improved motor outcome in response to magnesium therapy received up to 24 hours after traumatic diffuse axonal brain injury. Experimental studies focusing on the treatment of brain edema showed beneficial effects of magnesium administered in combination with various pharmacological drugs in animal models (Royo et al., 2003; Sen and Gulati, 2010). So it is revealed that Magnesium Suphate with Glycerin is more effective than Heparinoid ointment in management of phlebitis. In addition to the stimulatory effect of Mg2+ on endothelial cell migration and proliferation, the observation that high Mg2+ concentration facilitates the re-endothelialization of vascular injuries may also provide new insights into the role of Mg2+ in angiogenesis (Maier et al., 2004). Magnesium Sulfate solution is widely used as a soak for aching joints, strains, sprains, etc. similarly mild 53.6% and very mild 37%where found on study conducted by Oliveira and Parreira [22] [24]. 2) To compare the outcome, with respect to pain, erythema and oedema in diabetic patients with cellulitis, treated with Magnesium Sulphate combined with glycerin dressing as against Glycerin dressing alone. Furthermore, acute or chronic alcohol consumption impairs Mg2+ transport and homeostasis at the capillary level in the brain (Romani, 2008). It shows that there is more reduction of VIP score in MSG group. The finding of the study is consistent with others studies. Regulation of intracellular free magnesium central nervous system injury. Regulation of cellular magnesium. Setting: The study was conducted in medical and surgical wards of B.P. When regulating its own activities, the mature BBB receives support from at least three different cell types: 1) pericytes which share the same basement membrane with endothelial cells; 2) astrocytes which envelope 99% of the abluminal face of endothelial cells; and 3) neurons (Guo and Lo, 2009; Correale and Villa, 2009). Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Improvement in swelling was seen in the next 10 days. Maximum 39 (78%) were married and majority cant read and write. . Comparison of the Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerine and Heparinoid Ointment Application on Phlebitis. Glycerin magnesium sulphate paste was effective in reducing swelling and in duration when compared to magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation.2 A study was conducted by Junia.D. M . In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Feldman Z, Gurevitch B, Artru AA, Oppenheim A, Shohami E, Reichenthal E, Shapira Y. Phlebitis is the most common complication of intravenous therapy. It's available in a handy 100 gm jar that is both Australian-made and Australian owned and is Australian. A reduction of Mg2+ level within the cell in pathological states can be considered as an injury factor in the brain and may lead to serious biological and metabolic dysfunction. The pathophysiology of brain edema and elevated intracranial pressure. Similarly, this study confirms the findings of some other studies as well Wait [18] that site of insertion of cannula influence phlebitis. Yes, you are! U.S. FDA Resources. Ariza AC, Bobadilla N, Fernandez C, Munoz-Fuentes RM, Larrea F, Halhali A. Symptoms of edema include: Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms. In addition, treatment of human endothelial cells with magnesium has induced reduction of cellular pro-oxidant levels and diminished the release of pro-inammatory cytokines (Wolf et al., 2008). Brain edema caused by trauma has also been proposed to be mainly vasogenic in nature due to the opening of TJs in the BBB (Unterberg et al., 2004). The present study shows there is no association between treatment-related variables which included with severity score which include complete interventions scores (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 hours) of participants in both experimental groups. In this study, the instruments baseline performa and observation scale were used. It is beneficial in improving the texture and pigmentation of hair growth. One of the major mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological action of Mg2+ is blockage of NMDA or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA) channels/ receptors in cerebral vascular system as well as brain parenchyma (Huang et al., 1994). Touyz RM. In this way, the BBB is equipped with regulating means that enable the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. Aquaporin-4 gene disruption in mice reduces brain swelling and mortality in pneumococcal meningitis. Euser AG, Bullinger L, Cipolla MJ. Some research findings have showed male gender has more phlebitis than female sex [7] [14] where as in some studies majority of subjects were female 60% in MSG and male 56% and HPA group the finding is consistent with that of the previous finding from the study by Tan, where results showed that female patients had a significant increased risk of developing thrombophlebitis. The study was done to find out the effectiveness of 25 participants in Group B (application of Heparinoid ointment). Table 1 shows surprisingly 47 years was the mean age of respondents in both. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, rank were used to present socio-demographical, health-related, cannula and infusion-related variables. She was managed conservatively with analgesics, limb elevation, and glycerin magnesium sulfate dressing. Although the effects of magnesium on BBB characteristics and the formation of brain edema in various pathophysiological conditions has not been thoroughly elucidated, the studies mentioned above suggest that magnesium provides protective effects on BBB integrity and reduces brain edema by more than one mechanism (Figure 1). Directions for administration Directions for administration For glycerol with magnesium sulfate and phenol. Meanwhile, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2, cingulin, cadherin, cathenin, vinculin and actin constitute accessory proteins that aid in the assembly of TJs. Magnesium salts, such as magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) or magnesium chloride were shown to penetrate the BBB and cause enhancement of brain intracellular free Mg2+ concentration following TBI (Heath and Vink, 1999). It is composed of three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxy or OH groups [9]. Similarly, there was no significant association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected socio-demographic variables and cannula related factors. Peripheral venous catheters are commonly used in hospitals to deliver intravenous therapy [1]. To find out the association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected cannula and related factors. Billard JM. Majority of 80% participants days of hospital stay was below 1 week among both MSG and HPA groups out of them 40% and 88% were in MSG group and HPA group respectively the study is inconsistent with the study by Abdul it shows that phlebitis per patient was associated with longer hospital stay [17]. Haorah J, Knipe B, Leibhart J, Ghorpade A, Persidsky Y. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells causes blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Changes in intra- and extracellular Mg2+ concentrations influence the functions of cells and tissues. 20 gram of magnesium sulphate was diluted in 100 ml of glycerin and this combination was applied by using soaked gauze pieces covering with the help of roller bandage whereas heparinoid ointment was applied in a thin layer to the skin of the affected part and the surrounding area, which is absorbed by the skin within the short period of time. Low Mg2+ concentration in the circulation is associated with increase in endothelial permeability, decrease in vasodilator capacity and an increase in the production of vasoconstrictor substances, cytokines and oxidative products (Touyz, 2003; Maier et al., 2004). <3Wondering what do I write? Accumulated data indicate that magnesium administration improves functional outcome following BBB disruption and decreases brain edema (Okiyama et al., 1995; Feldman et al., 1996; Kaya et al., 2004; Esen et al., 2005; Euser et al., 2008). Epsom salt is one of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium and sulfate in rock-like formations. It's been shown to be effective for these uses: control rapid heartbeat. However this finding is contradictory to the finding of other studies. Pardridge WM. Unterberg AW, Stover J, Kress B, Kiening KL. An elevation in free Mg2+ concentration in capillary endothelial cells increases the proliferation of endothelial cells, restores the cell's ability to generate and utilize ATP for cellular repair mechanisms, and improves disrupted BBB integrity in a variety of insults. Table 1 Results of investigations in case 1 and case 2 The discussions are depicted on broad headings of: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents. 38 (76%) out of them majority of 21 (84%) and 17 (68%) of the respondents were cannulated with 20 G cannula in HPA and MSG group respectively. Effect of magnesium given 1 hour after head trauma on brain edema and neurological outcome. without the prior written permission. Cytokines, neuropeptides, and reperfusion injury during magnesium deficiency. It is formed by medical using magnesium sulfate aqueous solution and carrier. This finding is supported by a study done in Kathmandu by singh [7] where they found that the administration of IV antibiotics substantially increase the risk of phlebitis. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Background: Phlebitis is the inflammation of the tunica intima of the vein. Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: implications in hypertension. University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide (AU). This book is copyright. Despite its name, Epsom salt is a completely different compound than table salt . According to age in years maximum numbers of the participants 30% were from the age group of 46 - 65 years in both MSG as well as HPA group. Treatment with magnesium decreases the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals and increases antioxidant capacity and survival rate in rats (Salem et al., 1995). High concentrations of magnesiummodulate vascular endothelial cell behaviour in vitro. Royo NC, Shimizu S, Schouten JW, Stover JF, McIntosh TK. In pathological conditions with BBB impairment, Mg2+ passes into the extracellular compartment of the brain in significantly higher concentrations and plays an important role in the pathophysiological processes that follow BBB disruption. This finding is supported by study conducted in India where they found that incidence of phlebitis is lower in patients older than 60 years than below 60 years Cicolini [14] also reported equal numbers of participants 24% were from below 25 years, 46 - 65 and >65 years of age group in MSG group. Swelling was observed in 72% and 88% in MSG and HPA groups respectively. Role of brain [Mg2+]i in alcohol-induced hemorrhagic stroke in a rat model: a 31P-NMR in vivo study. All absorbent dressings maintain moist wound environment but dressings like hydrogel and glycerin magnesium sulphate provide direct moisture to the wound. Lee MS, Wu YS, Yang DY, Lee JB, Cheng FC. An equal number of participants were taken having medical and surgical problems. Aquaporin (AQP)-4, a bidirectional transmembrane water channel expressed mainly in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in barrier type of endothelial cells and pial membranes, may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cytotoxic and vasogenic brain edema and aggravation/resolution of ischemic and traumatic brain edema (Amiry- Moghaddam et al., 2003; Zador et al., 2009). Key Ingredients: Dried magnesium sulfate Topical glycerine Topical phenol Key Benefits: Matsui T, Kobayashi H, Hirai S, Kawachi H, Yano H. Magnesium deficiency stimulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in skeletal muscle of rats. Stretched or shiny skin. Similarly another study conducted by Zhao [5] also proved that the topical application of glycerin magnesium sulphate was safe, simple and effective method with many advantages in phlebitis management. Progressive magnesium deficiency increases mortality from endotoxin challenge: protective effects of acute magnesium replacement therapy. Reduction in brain intracellular free Mg2+ is also associated with brain intracellular acidosis and a concomitant reduction of brain energy stores (Vink et al., 1988; Altura et al., 1995). Drug Information available for: Glycerin Magnesium Magnesium sulfate Sulfate ion. Phlebitis: It is the inflammation of the veins. Likewise a study found out the most effective applicant for reduction of phlebitis in comparison of Heparinoid and Ichthammol glycerine. Materials and Methods in Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab among 60 subjects (30 with Heparinoid and 30 with Ichthammol Glycerine applications with matching age, gender and type of disease condition) reported that both the applications were effective in reducing IV induced phlebitis [11]. Musso CG. In this study, phlebitis means a painful swelling and raised temperature at the intravenous infusion site along with hardness (induration), redness (erythema), and palpable vein as measured of Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale (VIP Scale). The present study shows there is no association between socio-demographic variables which included age, gender, marital education and educational level with severity score which include after complete interventions scores (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 hours) of participants in both experimental groups. Effect of diets with different magnesium content in ischemic stroke rats. The guideline for the prevention of catheter-related infections has been developed for practitioners who insert catheters and for those who are responsible for surveillance and control of infections in the hospital, the outpatient, and home healthcare settings [8]. were under KCL with IVF similarly few were under Blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. [. Small size catheters allow more blood flow in adjacent tissues and thereby prevent damage to the tunica intima of the vein. prevent seizures caused by preeclampsia and eclampsia. It shows that there is more reduction of VIP score in Magnesium sulphate with glycerin (MSG) group. Uses for magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate is used for short-term relief of constipation. Take thin layer of gauze piece and soak it in the solution just made, 3. However, the exact mechanism/s of action of magnesium treatment in the improvement of BBB integrity in eclampsia still remains to be elucidated. A single dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) injected to mice significantly decreased total Mg2+ concentration in serum (Papierkowski et al., 1998). 1. Magnesium deficiency leads to an elevation in plasma inflammatory cytokines and excessive production of free radicals, and aggravates endotoxic shock (Weglicki et al., 1994; Matsui et al., 2007). Grubbs RD, Maguire ME. Effects of magnesium sulfate on lipid peroxidation and blood pressure regulators in pre-eclampsia. Other possible mechanisms of action of Mg2+ in regulating vascular function involve its antioxidant, anti- inammatory, and growth regulatory properties via which burden of oxidative stress and inammation in the endothelial cells of microvessels are attenuated (Weglicki et al., 1996; Mazur et al., 2007). Comparision of the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerine and heparinoid ointment application on phlebitis (n = 50). Taniguchi M, Yamashita T, Kumura E, Tamatani M, Kobayashi A, Yokawa T, Maruno M, Kato A, Ohnishi T, Kohmura E, Tohyama M, Yoshimine T. Induction of aquaporin-4 water channel mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Serum Mg2+ concentration normally ranges between 1.7-2.3 mEq/L in humans and may decrease during several pathological conditions (Romani and Scarpa, 2000; Musso, 2009). 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