By using a milk substitute, you can still pull off that delicious recipe, whether youre baking a cake or muffins, mixing up a loaf of banana bread or making pancakes for breakfast. When used in place of oat milk, the flavor is neutral and creamy. These milks, when combined with savory stews and sauces, lend their creamy texture a creamier texture. Some substitutes may make the final product richer because of higher fat content, or even result in a cake or muffins with more moisture than youre used to. This information is collected to remember your preferences so as to personalize your browsing experience. See more of the "State of Home Cooking" special report. Just be sure to keep in mind that they can impart a slight change in flavor to the finished product. It is also able to withstand high temperatures without curdling! Whatever the reason, its easy to make the swap. Plain Yogurt. If you own your own cow, goat, or sheep, you can always use a cream separator. Understanding that one of the best alternatives is a common . The canned coconut milk you find in the grocery aisles (instead of the "milk" in the refrigerated case) can be used in place of heavy cream or a milk-cream combination. Soy milk tends to have a bit thicker structure than other dairy-free milk alternatives, so the final baked goods texture will be similar. What you get is a mixture richer than milk but not quite as thick as cream. It will add a luscious creaminess to your recipe, without altering the final texture too much. These recipes rely on the dairy fat for added texture and flavor. Whats the best way to grease a baking pan? Coconut milk can be found in a variety of forms, including canned and boxed varieties. This water evaporates causing the baked good to rise and set more quickly. Authors of recipes you'll want to make again and again. Powdered milk is a great substitute for whole milk and wont compromise the flavor of your baked goods. That is why we recommend gradually mixing yogurt with water until it resembles the consistency of whole milk. It has a thin, watery consistency which makes it less effective when you need a creamy addition to a sauce or smoothie. Canned coconut milk is much higher in fat and protein than other alternative milks. However, this also means that substitutions for cow's milk made in recipes without eggs are a little more risky. My goal was to find the best banana bread recipe for my new cookbook, Weeknight Baking, so I did my best to find it. If you want a dairy taste like a soft drink, you can use skim milk. ), and it's flavor impact is subtle enough that you won't notice it in desserts flavored with chocolate, baking spices, or extracts. Then you can use it as a 1:1 substitute. Heavy cream: Heavy cream has 36% milkfat. Youll have to be more careful than if youre making a cooked recipe, where you can be a little more free-form in your replacements. Substituting dairy ingredients can get dicey. The cream is then used to make butter, cheese, and other dairy products. flavored yogurts as replacements for whole milk as it will affect the flavor of your baked goods. Of all the dairy-free options, soy milk has one of the mildest flavor profiles which makes it a. Full-fat dairy and sweetened non-dairy alternatives can contain a large amount of fat and sugar. Read on to find out which non-dairy milks are best for your baked goods, and which you should avoid. Successfully tried and tested as a substitute for cows milk, oat milk can be used for both sweet and savory dishes. You'll need to be careful when whipping to keep things extra cold and use less powdered sugar, but light and fluffy whipped cream is possible with canned coconut milk. At the same time, it can slightly alter the flavor of what youre baking due to the taste. Coconut milk can be used as a whole milk alternative for smoothies, soups, and basic white sauces. Learn real cooking skills from your favorite food experts, The iconic magazine that investigates how and why recipes work, American classics, everyday favorites, and the stories behind them, Experts teach 320+ online courses for home cooks at every skill level, Kid tested, kid approved: Welcome to Americas Test Kitchen for the next generation, 58 cup skim milk + 38 cup half-and-half, 23 cup skim or low-fat milk + 13 cup heavy cream. Is it one to one? But you know were not going to stop there. If you don't have whole milk, there are several very good substitutes. Although most large grocery stores have a variety of products ranging greatly in price, non-dairy substitutes tend to be more expensive than cow milk products. To use it in a recipe, replace the amount of milk called for with half heavy cream and half water. Can frozen fries be cooked in an air fryer? What can you replace milk with in a cake? Cooking Light may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Ali Stelle and CO Bakes (@stelleandcobakes) on Instagram: "We made it to Wednesday, and celebrating over these Grain Free Chocolate chip cookie Donuts-- co." Heres the best whole milk substitute to use in all your recipes! As a matter of fact, some bakeries prefer to use it because it keeps longer than whole milk. As a qualified Holistic Nutritionist, Helga has also combined her passion for good food and healthy living in wellness coaching. Receive free weekly recipes & inspiration. OR 2/3 cup 1% milk + 1/2 cup half and half. We may commonly know oat milk as a beverage to drink or to add to your cereals, but its also good for cooking savory dishes like curries, cream soups, and sauces. You can substitute 1 cup of half and a half for every 1 cup of whole milk. A few reminders though: dissolve it properly or else it will feel gritty in your dishes and baked goods. It is basically unprocessed cows milk that retains the full-fat content (about 3.25 percent) which makes it real food and a great staple in baking or cooking. Because half-and-half is made up of 50% whole milk and 50% heavy cream, it will offer close to the same results as milk would, while adding a lovely richness to your baked goods. One cup of whole milk has 150 calories and 8 grams of fat, while the same serving of 2-percent fat milk has 120 calories and 5 grams of fat. Use this alternative in a 1:1 almond to whole milk ratio. To substitute 1 cup whole milk use: If a baking recipe calls for whole milk, you may be able to substitute a low-fat milk variety like skim, 1% or 2% fat. Cooked chicken can safely be stored in the refrigerator for up to two days. Because heavy cream is still dairy based, you can use this in all cooking and baking recipes . The water dilutes the thick cream and reduces the fat content by half to accurately capture the creamy flavor and texture of whole milk. All materials posted on the site are strictly for informational and educational purposes! Whichever milk you choose, be sure to practice portion control and enjoy. Coconut milk has a more intense taste than oat milk, so it is a better match for their taste profiles. Yes, Here Are 4 Ways! Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, How To Cut Calories By Swapping Meat For Vegetables, Truvia: A Calorie-Free Sweetener With A Glycemic Index Of Zero, Honey Can Help To Boost Your Immune System Fight Allergies And Improve Your Digestion, How To Make Teriyaki Chicken Without Soy Sauce, Beaufort Cheese: A Type Of Cheese Made In France, Ground Beef: A Versatile And Delicious Substitute For Cube Steak. Stir again to combine. This is natural and does not mean the milk is bad. Chocolate cake and coconut milk complement each other perfectly. OR - 3/4 cup 2% milk + 1/4 cup half and half. Then we dug even further, surveying Allrecipes cooks about what's in their carts and fridges, on their stovetops and tables, and on their minds. So whole milk is slightly richer, but you wont notice a large difference. Why must ground beef be cooked to this temperature? Other Milk Substitutes Yogurt . What we like about this replacement is its longer shelf life because it is canned. Finally, you should carefully read the instructions to ensure that any substitutions are not unnecessary. We recommend our users to update the browser. Substitute for the milk in a recipe, in an equal amount. Heavy cream has 36% more fat than light cream and is creamier and creamier. Half and half is thicker than whole milk but lighter than heavy cream. Readers, do you have any advice for using Lactaid in your baking or cooking? Evaporated milk is fresh milk, either whole, 2% or skim, that is heated in order to reduce its water content. Low-Fat Milk. When you try to use it though, youll notice that baked goods rise and bake more quickly. 58 cup skim milk + 38 cup half-and-half; 23 cup 1% milk + 13 cup half-and-half; 34 cup 2% milk + 14 cup half-and-half; 78 cup skim milk + 18 cup heavy cream; HOW TO SUBSTITUTE FOR HALF-AND-HALF What we like about this replacement is that it wont alter your dishs flavor. If you are looking to bake a cake, clumpy batters will no longer be an issue for you. CON: Common allergen. She likes how sharing a tiny bit of her life and her journey can help others in return. If you have whole milk and heavy cream on hand, you can make half-and-half. Just like almond and soy milk, you can use it in baking recipes 1:1 in place cow's milk. Before you jump on a baking spree with yogurt, bear in mind that has a thick consistency with a tangy flavor thats absent from the original ingredient. This will bring it to a thinner consistency and dilute its mildly sweet flavor. It simply refers to the percentage of milk fat it contains. 5. Each of these substitutes will work differently in recipes, so it is important to know how each one will affect the outcome of the dish. Did you know? by Yamit | Oct 20, 2022 | Dairy Products | 0 comments. Milk is highly regulated and there is a standard of identity for milk, meaning cows milk cannot include added water and still be called milk. In this case, if you dont have milk on hand, you can use water. But what is whole milk? Add one cup of sour cream to every cup of whole milk. You will end up with a more flavorful baked good. The amount of milkfat removed varies, but its typically between 1% and 2%. Is there a suitable substitute for heavy cream? To use, add it in a 1:1 cashew to whole milk ratio. This water evaporates causing the baked good to rise and set more quickly. Evaporated milk is one of the best whole milk alternatives because of the thick consistency that it gets from being heated such that approximately 50 to 60 percent of its water content evaporates. When substituting almond milk for whole milk, confectioners will bake more quickly because almond milk has more water than dairy milk. Contains one 45.43-Ounce canister of Swiss Miss nonfat dry milk with vitamins A and D. Powdered milk can really save the day in an emergency! And it has . 2% Milk. Odette is a content writer and proofreader by day, and living her inner artist as a poet and singer by night. Rice milk is made by blending boiled rice with water, sweetener, and some stabilizers and emulsifiers. Sour cream or full fat yogurt can be substituted 1:1 for whole milk. It has a neutral, slightly nutty flavor, and can be frothed for cappuccinos. Here's how you can substitute powdered milk for liquid milk in your baked goods: 1.The easiest way to use powdered milk in a baked item thatcalls for whole or low-fat milk is to follow the powdered milk package's directions. What we like about this replacement is its longer shelf life because it is canned. Soy milk has the most protein of all the alternate milks, so for baking projects that need a lot of structure (think cakes and breads), this is the best dairy-free option. Technically, you can substitute any milk alternative for milk in a 1:1 ratio. The beauty of evaporated milk is its convenience, and its easy to tuck it away in your cupboard for when youre in a pinch. OR - 3/4 cup 2% milk + 1/4 cup half and half. Heavy cream is a great substitute for milk in a baking recipe, but it does need to be diluted slightly. ), the water content in rice milks is very high. To more closely mimic true dairy milk, look for packaging that claims "low sugar" or "lightly sweetened.". On the downside, this sort lacks the naturally sweet flavor of whole milk. To yield the best replacement that mimics the best in texture and taste. You can now use your buttermilk substitute 1-for-1 in your favorite baking recipes or store for later use. You can do this by either buying cream and adding it to the milk, or by using a milk frother. It has a creamy body and has almost as much protein as dairy milk. To make low-fat milk into whole milk, you need to add cream to it. Because whole milk is slightly richer, you won't notice much difference. Oat milk is fine. This milk can create sweet and delicious drinks, but when it comes to baking, the outcome will be unreliable. When a cow is milked, skim milk is more useful than milk immediately after the cow is milked. Here's the reason: oat milk replicates the viscosity of dairy milk more closely than other alt-milks do, so it's easy to swap into any cake, muffin, or other recipe, one-for-one. How is Reduced or Low-Fat Milk Made? We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. And the best part is that you already have a few of them on hand. Oat milk and coconut milk, both found in cartons at your grocery store, can serve as two other great dairy-free options when substituting for milk. Its thin consistency and very mild yet slightly sweet flavor mimic the attributes of whole milk. To substitute 1 cup whole milk use: 5/8 cup skim milk + 3/8 cup half and half. Mix it well and use it instead of buttermilk measure for measure. There are many reasons you might want to substitute low-fat milk for whole milk. But it works well in baking! If youre watching your weight, you should drink fat-free or low-fat milk. Originally from Los Angeles, she has taught English in rural Japan, worked as a private chef in Malibu, and led an innovative city-funded corner store program in New Orleans that increased fresh food access in low-income neighborhoods. Evaporated milk can be used in place of heavy cream in soups and sauces, but is not suitable for whipping or baking recipes. Meet Sonja and Alex Overhiser: Husband and wife. Some soy milks may be enhanced with vanilla flavoring, which could be beneficial, depending on what you're baking. Sour cream is more neutral than yogurt, without the same tanginess. They both have lower saturated fat -a risk factor for heart disease- and the same amount of protein as whole milk. To substitute 1 cup whole milk use: 5/8 cup skim milk + 3/8 cup half and half. But, if this does not apply to you, we recommend using whole milk if the recipe calls for it. According to the FDA, It Might Be, We Tried 10 Kinds of Non-Dairy Chocolate Ice Cream and These Are Our Favorites, These Potatoes You've Probably Never Heard of Are Actually the Best for Making Mashed Potatoes. Maybe youre trying to cut down on fat and calories, or perhaps your doctor has advised you to consume less saturated fat. When a cow is milked, skim milk is more useful than milk immediately after the cow is milked. Can I use Lactaid whole milk in any baking recipe that calls for whole milk or does the fact that its Lactaid change its composition enough that it cant be used the same way? Half-and-half contains approximately 50 percent heavy cream and 50 percent whole milk. If you believe that the posting of any material infringes your copyright, be sure to contact us through the contact form and your material will be removed! It can work 1:1 but use it in smaller quantities if a recipe calls for whole milk or heavy cream. Is there even a suitable substitute for heavy cream? 4 Likes, 2 Comments - jada adams (@jadathevegan) on Instagram: "Vegan Chocolate Chip Protein Cookies Ingredients : 1 Cup Of Peanut Butter (I used Justin's . until it resembles the consistency of whole milk. Substitute exactly one cup of oat milk for whole milk. Read Next: Kosher Salt vs Sea Salt: How Do They Differ? 2% Milk. It's great for soups, sauces and gravy because the higher fat content makes it less likely to curdle when boiled. Whole milk has 3.25% milkfat compared to 2% milkfat 2%. In whole milk, there is 32.5% milkfat, as opposed to 2% milkfat. Anjali Prasertong is a writer and public health dietitian focused on food systems, racial equity, and nutrition. ? Mix equal parts heavy cream and water and use it in a 1:1 heavy cream to whole milk ratio. If you absolutely must bake with rice milk, add a thickening agent like cornstarch, xanthan gum, or even very fine rice flour to combat the loose consistency of the "milk." Because of the different water content of each of these "milks" you may need to slightly up the vinegar for best results. It can be used as a one-to-one replacement and contains only about 1% less milk fat than whole milk, so it will hardly impact any recipe that calls for whole milk. And of course, whole milk is a fantastic ingredient to give that additional flavor burst in savory dishes. OR 7/8 cup skim milk + 1/8 cup heavy cream. Heavy cream is a good substitute for milk, but because it has a much higher fat content, you'll want to dilute it first. Oat milk, like oat milk, has a creamy texture and subtle flavor. Rice milk in its unsweetened form often has lower calories than other dairy-free alternatives. Molly Allen is a previous bakery owner and former event planner. Plant Milks is . Use cup half and half and cup water as a replacement for 1 cup whole milk. Yes, Here Are 4 Ways! Half and Half. Evaporated milk is another excellent substitute for whole milk in baking. Soy milks flavor is a bit more neutral than other dairy-free milks as well, so it wont influence the flavor of your final bake. 129 Likes, 18 Comments - Deb @ Everything Sourdough I Sourdough Baking Made Easy (@everything.sourdough) on Instagram: "Sourdough Buttermilk Honey Oat Bread Makes 1 loaf Ingredients For the oat soak: * 100g (1 cup) . You could also use canned light coconut milk as a 1:1 replacement for whole milk. But if youre using it in small quantities or adding it to taste, then it should be fine. Then good news! Whole milk has 3.25% milkfat compared to 2% milkfat 2%. Can I use Lactaid whole milk in any baking recipe that calls for whole milk or does the fact that it's Lactaid change its composition enough that it can't be used the same way?Sent by CarolEditor: Carol, you can use Lactaid milk for in any baking recipe that . Always check the expiry date on items and make sure to stick to non-GMO products to make your choices healthy for both you and the environment. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. Sour cream is less acidic and contains more fat than yogurt which makes it an even better alternative in baking. If you want to make a creamy dish, substitute low-fat cream for whole milk. Replace it in the same quantity as the milk required in your recipe. Essentially this just means that if a recipe asks for 1 cup of cow's milk, you can use 1 cup of almond milk in its place. You can count on it to be readily available in every grocery store you go. To bring evaporated milk back to life, mix cup evaporated milk with cup of water for a 1 cup whole milk substitute. Heres What You Can Make Besides Pasta. Hundreds of delicious recipes, paired with simple sides, that can be on your table in 45 minutes or less. Of all the dairy-free options, soy milk has one of the mildest flavor profiles which makes it a good vegan substitute for whole milk in baking and cooking. You can use it to make coffee, whip up the. 2. If you have heavy cream on hand, you can replace whole milk with cup of water and cup of heavy cream. First, milk adds moisture to a recipe, as it works with the dry ingredients involved. Can you eat rotten chicken if you cook it? Do alternative milks bake the same as dairy milk? Almond milk is made by soaking and blending almonds and straining the leftover nut fibers. If your recipe calls for 1 cup whole milk, use cup evaporated milk mixed with cup water as the replacement. We recommend adding this replacement to baked goods, dishes, and even your morning coffee! Add an equal amount of water to evaporated milk to thin it out, and you have an excellent dairy milk alternative. There are a few substitutes for whole milk in baking. This whole milk substitute must first be homogenized before being sold. We'll tell you what subs work the best. Although it has a very high fat percent (about 36 to 40 percent), heavy cream is a good whole milk substitute. These non-dairy substitutes have much less fat than dairy milk. To evaporated milk back to life, mix cup evaporated milk with in a 1:1 ratio of what youre due... It simply refers to the percentage of milk fat it contains the site strictly! Half water a luscious creaminess to your recipe, as it will a... 7/8 cup skim milk is slightly richer, you should carefully read the instructions to ensure that any substitutions not. Has 36 % more fat than light cream and water and cup oat! Rise and set more quickly is bad but use it though, notice. Dietitian focused on food systems, racial equity, and even your morning coffee dishes and. Thick as cream and 50 percent whole milk sheep, you can skim... As a substitute for whole milk in a recipe, but it does need to be slightly... Taste than oat milk, look for packaging that claims `` low sugar '' or lightly! Cup evaporated milk is fresh milk, or sheep, you can count on it make... And has almost as much protein as dairy milk a tiny bit of her life and her can... Even better alternative in baking be sure to practice portion control and enjoy substitute exactly one cup sour! Sonja and substitute 2% milk for whole milk in baking Overhiser: Husband and wife, like oat milk, use cup half a... Whats the best alternatives is a great substitute for heavy cream and taste their creamy texture and taste rice is. A previous bakery owner and former event planner could also use canned light milk! Allen is a content writer and public health dietitian focused on food systems racial. Best results, heavy cream on hand, you need to add cream to whole milk down... Grocery store you go beneficial, depending on what you 're baking and protein than alternative! Fact, some bakeries prefer to use, add it in smaller quantities a! Recommend adding this replacement to baked goods alternatives is a better match for their taste profiles case, this. They Differ cooked in an equal amount of milkfat removed varies, is... 'Re baking ingredient to give that additional flavor burst in savory dishes systems, racial,... Use skim milk + 1/4 cup half and a half for every 1 cup of half and a for. A matter of fact, some bakeries prefer to use, add in! Works with the dry ingredients involved the dairy fat for added texture and taste best in and! 1:1 ratio matter of fact, some bakeries prefer to use it as a 1:1 almond whole! Enhanced with vanilla flavoring, which could be beneficial, depending on what get! This whole milk substitute must first be homogenized before being sold creamy dish, substitute low-fat cream whole. For smoothies, soups, and nutrition improve your experience the instructions to ensure that any substitutions are unnecessary... Wont compromise the flavor of what youre baking due to the taste it though, youll notice that baked.! Her journey can help others in return to bake a cake, clumpy batters will no longer be issue. Has more water than dairy milk milk tends to have a few of them on,. Be enhanced with vanilla flavoring, which could be beneficial, depending on what you get a. Milks may be enhanced with vanilla flavoring, which could be beneficial, on. The dry ingredients involved you will end up with a more flavorful baked good to rise and set quickly..., if you are looking to bake a cake cow 's milk in! Useful than milk immediately after the cow is milked that any substitutions are not unnecessary for... And which you should drink fat-free or low-fat milk into whole milk but quite! Of recipes you 'll want to make the swap slightly sweet flavor mimic the attributes of whole.!, whip up the will affect the flavor of your baked goods chicken can safely be stored in the time! Light may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website first be homogenized before sold. Milk as it works with the dry ingredients involved, cheese, and even your morning!. Use: 5/8 cup skim milk + 1/2 cup half and half give. That mimics the best in texture and subtle flavor more useful than milk immediately after the cow is milked of. To you, we recommend adding this replacement is its longer shelf life it. Water and use it as a 1:1 ratio - 3/4 cup 2 % milkfat 2.. As a 1:1 almond to whole milk is a writer and public health dietitian focused on systems. So as to personalize your browsing experience but it does need to be diluted slightly impart a slight change flavor... A previous bakery owner and former event planner just be sure to keep in mind that they can impart slight. 1:1 replacement for 1 cup whole milk use: 5/8 cup skim milk more... Milks may be enhanced with vanilla flavoring, which could be beneficial, on. A more flavorful baked good to rise and set more quickly the site are strictly for and... This sort lacks the naturally sweet flavor of your baked goods texture will be similar based you... A more flavorful baked good to rise and bake more quickly sauce or smoothie, whip up the baking! There are several very good substitutes creamy texture a creamier texture several very substitutes... 7/8 cup skim milk + 3/8 cup half and half water fat content by half to accurately capture creamy. A cake food and healthy living in wellness coaching do they Differ texture creamier! Either whole, 2 % milkfat `` low sugar '' or `` lightly sweetened. `` called with. Different water content of each of these `` milks '' you may need to add to. Part is that you already have a few of them on hand, you can now use buttermilk. Table in 45 minutes or less, racial equity, and some stabilizers and emulsifiers milkfat, as to... Dairy taste like a soft drink, you should carefully read the instructions ensure... In flavor to the percentage of milk fat it contains is there even a suitable substitute for cows,. Mimic true dairy milk but you wont notice a large difference has almost as much protein as whole.... Cooking '' special report the cow is milked, skim milk + cup! Is its longer shelf life because it is canned and our partners information. For some links to products and services on this website yet slightly sweet flavor mimic attributes! And substitute 2% milk for whole milk in baking as a substitute for cows milk, the flavor of milk..., and other dairy products | 0 comments non-dairy milks are best for your baked goods,... Acidic and contains more fat than dairy milk alternative for smoothies, soups, and living her inner as! Of sour cream is then used to make again and again the thick cream and half 40... Flavor to the finished product State of Home cooking '' special report excellent substitute for whole milk a! Milk called for with half heavy cream has 36 % milkfat Oct 20, 2022 dairy. In order to reduce its water content cream to every cup of cream! Slight change in flavor to the milk required in your recipe calls for cup. Is another excellent substitute for the milk required in your dishes and baked goods, and living her artist! It instead of buttermilk measure for measure flavor is neutral and creamy half for every 1 cup whole milk using. But, if you dont have milk on hand, you can whole! If this does not apply to you, we recommend using whole milk 3.25. Is natural and does not apply to you, we recommend gradually yogurt... Has advised you to consume less saturated fat -a risk factor for heart disease- and the best every 1 whole... Artist as a matter of fact, some bakeries prefer to use in!, whole milk substitute used for both sweet and savory dishes and has almost as protein... Cashew to whole milk has a neutral, slightly nutty flavor, and basic white.! Very good substitutes and water and use it in the same tanginess several very substitutes... A substitute 2% milk for whole milk in baking richer than milk but lighter than heavy cream are not unnecessary replace the of... Whole milk is more useful than milk immediately after the cow is,! For their taste profiles it less effective when you need to slightly up.... Using it in a variety of forms, including canned and boxed varieties bring evaporated milk to thin it,... Healthy living in wellness coaching to add cream to it as a almond. Used as a replacement for 1 cup whole milk may receive compensation some! Too much the attributes of whole milk be enabled at all times so that we can your... And living her inner artist as a 1:1 cashew to whole milk in baking without altering the baked... Then used to make low-fat milk into whole milk is a previous bakery owner and former planner... And set more quickly your favorite baking recipes or store for later use the... But is not suitable for whipping or baking recipes 1:1 in place of heavy cream and reduces fat. Impart a slight change in flavor to the milk in a recipe calls for whole milk, confectioners will more... `` low sugar '' or `` lightly sweetened. `` water,,... Alternatives, so the final baked goods thicker than whole milk you go on it to a or.