[48] Moreover, Maier argues that Pilate could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. McClintock and Strong. "[54], According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), Pilate offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. He is most famously known for his role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the New Testament of the Bible. Our scripture today is 1 Peter 1:3-9 being read. [268] The 1959 film Ben-Hur shows Pilate (the Australian actor, Frank Thring, Jr.) presiding over a chariot race, in a scene that Ann Wroe says "seemed closely modeled on the Hitler footage of the 1936 Olympics," with Pilate bored and sneering. [33] Other scholars have cast doubt on any link between Pilate and Sejanus. Ignatius stresses all these events in his epistles as historical facts. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). According to Peter Feldman's article on artslink.co.za, Pilate is famous in Roman history for his cruelty and for executing thousands of people without trial. The Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus also record this information. [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. [117][116] MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate's association with the Italian village of Ameria [] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries agoquite creatively, it would seemto provide substance for the legend. 9. [184], Pilate is one of the most important figures in early Christian art; he is often given greater prominence than Jesus himself. [126] Lnnqvist notes that the Talmud (Lamentations Rabbah 4.4) records the destruction of an aqueduct from Solomon's Pools by the Sicarii, a group of fanatical religious Zealots, during the First Jewish-Roman War (6673); he suggests that if the aqueduct had been funded by the temple treasury as recorded in Josephus, this might explain the Sicarii's targeting of this particular aqueduct. [31][53], Various disturbances during Pilate's governorship are recorded in the sources. Pilate's Life Definition: The dates of Pontius Pilatus (Pontius Pilate), prefect of the Roman province of Judaea, aren't known, but he held office from A.D. 26-36. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. Josephuss references appear to be consistent. Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. For he was a doer of surprising feats a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. Flavius Josephus. I've done quite a bit of research, the Bible mentions the wife of Pontius Pilate but not by name. Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. The earliest extant legendary biography is the De Pilato of c.1050, with three further Latin versions appearing in the mid-twelfth century, followed by many vernacular translations. [294] Helen Bond argues that "[g]iven the history of pagan designs throughout Judaean coinage, particularly from Herod and Gratus, Pilate's coins do not seem to be deliberately offensive,"[295] and that the coins offer little evidence of any connection between Pilate and Sejanus. [108] The stone attests Pilate's title of prefect and the inscription appears to refer to some kind of building called a Tiberieum, a word otherwise unattested[109] but following a pattern of naming buildings about Roman emperors. Five chapters of the novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. . [29] Although it is therefore likely Pilate served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain. [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). [97] J. P. Lmonon argues that the fact that Pilate was not reinstated by Caligula does not mean that his trial went badly, but may simply have been because after ten years in the position it was time for him to take a new posting. Many sources within the Bible (as well as other historical accounts) sketch him as a bully and a coward. Scripture gives us no further information concerning Pilate, but Josephus, the Jewish historian records that Pilate, the Roman procurator of Judea succeeded Gratus. The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. [253] Shortly afterwards, French writer Roger Caillois wrote a novel Pontius Pilate (1936), in which Pilate acquits Jesus. The king reads in the stars that he will bear a son who will rule over many lands, so he has a miller's daughter named Pila brought to him whom he impregnates; Pilate's name thus results from the combination of the names Pila with Atus. Modern authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. [100] Daniel Schwartz, however, argues that Eusebius's claims "should not lightly be dismissed. [101] Paul Maier notes that no other surviving records corroborate Pilate's suicide, which is meant to document God's wrath for Pilate's role in the crucifixion, and that Eusebius explicitly states that "tradition" is his source, "indicating that he had trouble documenting Pilate's presumed suicide". [271] The Pilate in the film, played by Barry Dennen, expands on John 18:38 to question Jesus on the truth and appears, in McDonough's view, as "an anxious representative of [] moral relativism". Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. Justin Martyr. Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate [] Legendary or theological additions have also been made to the narrative [] Despite extensive differences, however, there is a certain agreement amongst the evangelists regarding the basic facts, an agreement which may well go beyond literary dependency and reflect actual historical events. [67] The dating of the incident is unknown, but Bond argues that it must have occurred between 26 and 30 or 33, based on Josephus's chronology. Ararat? The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. [199] One of the earliest examples of Pilate rendered as a Jew is from the eleventh century on the Hildesheim cathedral doors (see image, above right). Interesting book I enjoyed reading this book and the perspective of the other side of Pontius Pilate. The only thing is at the end of the book the author mentions 2 Claudia's in the Bible. [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. . [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. And Pontius the philosopher was among them. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. But the Jewish leaders did care. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this incident before Tiberius, but the emperor died before Pilate arrived in Rome. Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. It is known from the ancient tradition that Pontius Pilate and his spouse were executed. [296] Carter notes this theory arose in the context of the aftermath of the Holocaust, that the evidence that Sejanus was anti-Semitic depends entirely on Philo, and that "[m]ost scholars have not been convinced that it is an accurate or a fair picture of Pilate. [159], In addition to the report on Pilate's suicide in Eusebius, Grll notes three Western apocryphal traditions about Pilate's suicide. Now at the feast the governor was accustomed to release for the people any one prisoner whom they wanted. 1887, p. 199. Pontius Pilate, Prefect of Judea [ .. has given?]". Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "[288] This, combined with the general lack of information on Pilate's long time in office, has resulted in a wide range of assessments by modern scholars. "), John 18:38 (Quid est veritas? A few years later, Pilate is brought to his father's court where he kills his half-brother. The York Mystery Plays include Pilate's wife and her dream, but offer the opposite interpretation: Satan comes to tempt Pilate wife's to thwart Jesus's purpose to redeem and save us through His. Luke 23:8(NASB), Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. He had to be. "[289] However, Paul Maier argues that Pilate's long term as governor of Judaea indicates he must have been a reasonably competent administrator,[290] while Henry MacAdam argues that "[a]mong the Judaean governors prior to the Jewish War, Pilate must be ranked as more capable than most. And his arms were worn away from entreating Pilo from 36 Pontius Pilate's Wife ^ afar off to turn to him. He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. First published in 1930, this is an in-depth exploration of what happened between the death of Jesus and the The Letters of Pontius Pilate & Claudia Procula (ISBN 0-9625158-2-5) is centered around a 1st century letter believed to have been written by Claudia Procula, the wife of Pontius Pilate. . According to Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later. Some people told Jesus about a group of Galileans who had come to the temple to sacrifice, and Pontius Pilate slaughtered them, probably due to a public disturbance the Galileans were causing (Luke 13:1). [206] Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. [57] Bond argues that the fact that Josephus says that Pilate brought in the standards by night, shows that he knew that the images of the emperor would be offensive. Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. [286], The Gospels' deflection of responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion from Pilate to the Jews has been blamed for fomenting antisemitism from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week . Resurrection Accounts Resurrection of Christ, Thus says the LORD, Let not a wise man boast of his wisdom, and let not the mighty man boast of his might, let not a rich man boast of his riches; but let him who boasts boast of this, that he understands and knows Me . Pontius Pilate's wife is the unnamed spouse of Pontius Pilate, who appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew, where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf.It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. Reportedly, his father sent him to Rome as a hostage. [244] In this play, when Judas comes back to Pilate and the priests to tell them he no longer wishes to betray Jesus, Pilate browbeats Judas into going through with the plan. Both Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt do not think this especially likely. Pontius Pilate[b] (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. (Behold the man! Is there more information on Pontius Pilate's wife? [279] Pilate is the only person besides Jesus and Mary mentioned by name in the creeds. "[104] Taylor notes that Philo discusses Pilate as though he were already dead in the Embassy to Gaius, although he is writing only a few years after Pilate's tenure as governor. [262], Pilate has been depicted in a number of films, being included in portrayals of Christ's passion already in some of the earliest films produced. [228] The three most popular scenes in the plays to include Pilate are his washing of hands, the warning of his wife Procula not to harm Jesus, and the writing of the titulus on Jesus' cross. The New Testament gospel of Luke records that Pilate had heard about Jesus and His miracles before He was brought before Pilate. One tradition says that he was a member of the Pontii tribe and of Samnite nobility. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. Falvius Josephus. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. [144] Moreover, the text makes explicit that while Pilate washes his hands of guilt, neither the Jews nor Herod do so. [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. [196], The eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean. [92], According to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (18.4.12), Pilate's removal as governor occurred after Pilate slaughtered a group of armed Samaritans at a village called Tirathana near Mount Gerizim, where they hoped to find artifacts that had been buried there by Moses. [149] Another claims that the records were made by Pilate himself, relying on reports made to him by Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea. Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. Pontius Pilate has come down in history because of his role in the execution of Jesus and because of his mention in the Christian statement of faith known . None of these texts survive, but Tibor Grll argues that their contents can be reconstructed from Christian apologetic texts. [2] The Christian Pilate literature surrounding the Gospel of Nicodemus includes at least fifteen late antique and early medieval texts, called the "Pilate cycle", written and preserved in various languages and versions and dealing largely with Pontius Pilate. ; "What is truth? Supposedly, his name was changed in Pontus to Pontius Pilate and he was eventually appointed the sixth governor or procurator of Judea by Sejanus, a favorite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. [19], On the basis of the many offenses that Pilate caused to the Judaean populace, some scholars find Pilate to have been a particularly bad governor. Would the mob be just as happy if he released Barabbas instead of Jesus on the feast day (Mark 15:6 ff.)? On the other hand, Johns picture of Pilate delivering judgment from a tribunal in front of the prefects mansion fits typical Roman procedure. The quote reveals that many Greeks considered Pilates misfortunes to be divine justice for the death of Jesus Christ. [46] Unlike his predecessor, Valerius Gratus, Pilate retained the same high priest, Joseph ben Caiaphas, for his entire tenure. She was recognized as a holy martyr by the Greek Orthodox, the Coptic and the Ethiopian Churches. [214] Images of Pilate were printed in the Biblia pauperum ("Bibles of the Poor"), picture bibles focusing on the life of Christ, as well as the Speculum Humanae Salvationis ("Mirror of Human Salvation"), which continued to be printed into the sixteenth century. [118], E. Stauffer and E. M. Smallwood argued that the coins' use of pagan symbols was deliberately meant to offend the Jews and connected changes in their design to the fall of the powerful Praetorian prefect Sejanus in 31. [91] N. T. Wright and Craig A. Evans argue that Pilate's hesitation was due to the fear of causing a revolt during Passover, when large numbers of pilgrims were in Jerusalem. [206] In many other images, however, he is depicted as a king or with a mixture of attributes of a Jew and a king. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. He eventually becomes a Christian himself. [224][225][226], Pilate plays a major role in the medieval passion play. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, History Today - The Strange Afterlife of Pontius Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. Pilate dies seven months later. [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. 1. [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. A site dedicated to book lovers providing a forum to discover and share commentary about the books and authors they enjoy. [260] Swiss playwright Max Frisch's comedy Die chinesische Mauer portrays Pilate as a skeptical intellectual who refuses to take responsibility for the suffering he has caused. And after He was crucified they cast lots upon His vesture, and they that crucified Him parted it among them. It is thought he was born into an equestrian family in. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. The men who related this story to Jesus may have been trying to lure Him into . [45], As governor, Pilate had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. In Relics of Repentance, Biblical researcher James F. Forcucci tries to shed some light on events that were overshadowed by the formation of the . The body is first thrown in the Tiber, but because it causes storms it is then moved to Vienne, and then thrown in a lake in the high Alps. Moreover, Pilate also swindles his way into possession of the Potter's field, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide. Eusebius reported that Pontius Pilate committed suicide during the reign of Caius or Emperor Caligula. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. Pilate made several bad decisions while in Judea and Sejanus had supported him and kept him our of trouble with Rome. [27] He was probably married, but the only extant reference to his wife, in which she tells him not to interact with Jesus after she has had a disturbing dream (Matthew 27:19), is generally dismissed as legendary. Without his protector in power, Pilate made a major error and suppressed a small uprising in Samaria. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. We do not know where Pontius Pilate was born. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Corrections? Content includes books from bestselling, midlist and debut authors. Arguably, Pilate is the most neutral, disinterested person we meet in the Gospel. As a result, he is sent as a hostage to Rome, where he kills another hostage. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion.Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his . According to the Byzantine historian John Malalas (Chron 10.14.1) and the apocryphal work Paradosis Pilati, the name of Pilate's wife was Procla. Herod's sons then threatened to petition the emperor, an action which Pilate feared that would expose the crimes he had committed in office. [159] His beheading is accompanied by a voice from heaven calling him blessed and saying he will be with Jesus at the Second Coming. In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels, the Pilate cycle. [59] Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt both suggest that this incident is in fact identical with "the incident with the shields" reported in Philo's Embassy to Gaius, an identification first made by the early church historian Eusebius. This is the first known usage of the motif of Pilate being influenced and corrupted by the Devil in Medieval Art. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. [157] A fifth-century Syriac version of the Acts of Pilate explains Pilate's conversion as occurring after he has blamed the Jews for Jesus' death in front of Tiberius; prior to his execution, Pilate prays to God and converts, thereby becoming a Christian martyr. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [95], Following Tiberius's death, Pilate's hearing would have been handled by the new emperor Caligula: it is unclear whether any hearing took place, as new emperors often dismissed outstanding legal matters from previous reigns. [189] Pilate's iconography as a seated Roman judge derives from depictions of the Roman emperor, causing him to take on various attributes of an emperor or king, including the raised seat and clothing. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. Pontius Pilate ( Latin Pontius Pilatus) was the governor of the small Roman province of Judea from AD 26 until around 36 AD, although Tacitus believed him to be the procurator of that province. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. Tradition states that her name was Claudia Procula. "Behold the man" (in Latin, Ecce homo) - the words Pontius Pilate used to present Jesus of Nazareth to a hostile crowd ahead of his crucifixion (John 19:5). Pontius Pilate was definitely a real historical figure. [208] Depictions of Pilate in this period are mostly found in private devotional settings such as on ivory or in books; he is also a major subject in a number of panel-paintings, mostly German, and frescoes, mostly Scandinavian. 4. They wanted Jesus dead. [152] Another purports to be an angry reply by Tiberius, condemning Pilate for his role in Jesus' death, the Letter of Tiberius to Pilate. [243] In the fifteenth-century English York passion play, Pilate judges Jesus together with Annas and Caiaphas, becoming a central character of the passion narrative who converses with and instructs other characters. His biographical details before and after . [14] He is also briefly mentioned in Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (early 2nd century AD), who simply says that he put Jesus to death. Author interviews, book reviews and lively book commentary are found here. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. History says little about Pilate before he served as the Roman prefect of Judea between 26 and 36 A.D. Pontius Pilate, and the infamous trial he presided over, have become the stuff not only of legend, but of historical reconstructions and speculations ranging from the ingenious to the absurd, but. He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. Pilate died 39. [212] Pilate continued to be represented in various manuscript picture bibles and devotional works as well, often with innovative iconography, sometimes depicting scenes from the Pilate legends. [168] This connection to Mount Pilatus is attested from 1273 CE onwards, while Lake Lucerne has been called "Pilatus-See" (Pilate Lake) beginning in the fourteenth century. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. They seem to picture a headstrong strict authoritarian Roman leader who, although both rational and practical, never knew how far he should go in a given case. Place where he was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, was later. The tortures have been administered of Judea [.. has given? ] '' 226,... Guilt after the tortures have been administered aqueduct that is attributed to in! ] '' his own accord Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later ] Pilate is only... Action earlier, thus owning the land on which Judas commits suicide is perhaps the. Some discrepancies rings as a hostage to Rome, where he was prefect. 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As it began to dawn toward the first day of the other hand, Johns picture of Pilate.! Portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign Roman! Major error and suppressed a small uprising in Samaria to 36 A.D among the most mysterious discover and commentary!