Want to see the full answer? Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Table 3. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., 2019). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, 2016). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. It does not store any personal data. (. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Ethiopia. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. EEA/EEPRI. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. The present study showed that the . In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). What are the two types of dynamic programming? Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Why poverty? Figure 2. But even these 2 ha of land is not enough to produce an adequate supply of food for the average family (Lebeda et al., 2010; IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), 2008; Gebreselassie, 2006). In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. The already small size farmland of a family is further fragmented into very small pieces of land when the children inherited since it divided among themselves. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. In Ethiopia, bananas are one of the main commodities with huge export market potential. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, 2014). Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. 36 likes 22,568 views. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Why is it important to grow vegetables in Ethiopia? Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. In FY 2017/2018, the United . It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. 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